O Chip ou processor Inoonekwa se "moyo" wechero mudziyo wemagetsi, kusanganisira makomputa. Kazhinji, isu tinongoziva ruzivo rwakakosha nezve chikamu ichi, senge yakakwira processor kumhanya, yekutengesa modhi uye mamwe matekinoroji, semuenzaniso. Nekudaro, isati yasvika kune vatengi, inofanirwa kupfuura neyakaomarara uye yakaoma kugadzira maitiro. 65473p
Kuti ndikutsanangurire mashoko acho, the showmetech akakokwa na Intel kuti uzive FAB28, imwe yemayuniti makuru ekambani muKiryat Gat, Izirayeri. Tevere, tinokuratidza matanho anodiwa kuvaka komputa chip.
Circuit diagram 41o4s
Nhanho yekutanga mukugadzira komputa chip ndeyekugadzira dhizaini redunhu. Vagadziri uye mainjiniya vanogadzira rudzi rwekudhirowa inotaridza chinzvimbo chechikamu chimwe nechimwe mukati meU, iyo inonyanya kukosha pakusarudza huwandu hwecache memory, ndangariro mazinga, ma frequency uye zvimwe zvinhu.
Kuti vaite basa iri, avo vanobatanidzwa vanofanirwa kuve neruzivo rwepamusoro izvo zviripo zvikamu / matekinoroji anogona kushandiswa kugadzira dhizaini inoshanda uye inoshanda yekugadzira. Uyezve, mainjiniya anofanirwawo kuronga iyo U dhizaini pachine nguva, sezvo inogona kungotengeswa mwedzi mishoma gare gare.
Feedstock 6qxp
Unoziva here kuti raw material yeU ndeye nzvimbo? Usati wapfuura nematanho akati wandei kuti uve chinhu chakangwara, chinyorwa ichi chinounganidzwa nevagadziri nekuti chine 25% silicon, chinhu chakakosha pakugadzirwa kwemachipisi emakombuta.
Kunyangwe zvichikwanisika kushandisa zvimwe zvinhu, senge gallium, semuenzaniso, makambani mazhinji anosarudza chikamu chemakemikari ichi nekuda kwekudhura kwayo uye nyore kuiwana, sezvo jecha rinogona kuwanikwa rakawanda panyika yedu.
Kucheneswa 4x2e4g
Mushure mokubvisa silicon kubva mujecha, inofanira kucheneswa zvakanyanya sezvinobvira kuitira kuti isvike pakunaka kwayo uye kudzivirira matambudziko panguva yekugadzira. Kuti ndikupe iwe pfungwa yekukosha kwekuita uku, iyo kuchena nhanho inofanirwa kunge iri 99,9999999%. Mune mamwe mazwi, pamaatomu ega ega bhiriyoni imwe chete inogona kunge isina kugadzirwa nesilicon.
Kucheneswa kunoitika uchishandisa mhando yehovhoni, iyo inoisa chinhu kune tembiricha yakakwira kubvisa tsvina uye kuisiya iri yakachena. Zvadaro, zvinhu zvakanyoroveswa uye zvinoumbwa kuva cylindrical chimiro (inonzi ingot) ine avhareji uremu hwe100 kg.
Vaipi 1n4i47
Iyo silicon ingot inorema uye yaisazobatsira mune iyi fomati. Naizvozvo, vagadziri vanofanirwa kuicheka kuita zvidimbu kuti vawane madiki disc anozivikanwa se zvitete. Saizi yezvikamu zvinoshanduka zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nemugadziri. A Intel, semuenzaniso, inotora chiyero che 30 cm mudhayamita.
Mushure mekucheka, zvimedu izvi zvinogashira porishi yakakosha uye mamwe mishonga yemakemikari kuti igadzirire nhanho inotevera. Kubva panguva ino zvichienda mberi, nharaunda inoda kucheneswa zvakakwana kudzivirira guruva uye zvimwe zvisaririra kuti zvisasvike zvitete.
Marabhoritari anoshandiswa kugadzira machipisi, anozivikanwa se "makamuri akachena", anosvika ka10 kuchena kupfuura imba yekuvhiya. Vashandi nevashanyi vanofanirwa kupfeka zvipfeko zvakakosha, izvo zvinosanganisira magirovhosi, mask, magirazi uye kuchengetedzwa kwetsoka, semuenzaniso, zvese kudzivirira kusvibisa zvikamu.
Photolithography 2k2156
Mushure mekuita chokwadi chekuti zvitete zvakanaka "kuchena", makambani anotanga maitiro e photolithography. Panguva ino, dhisiki inogamuchira mafoto-resistant zvinhu izvo, kana zvarohwa ne ultraviolet mwenje, inotamisa dhizaini redunhu kune chikamu.
Inoshanda seizvi: chiedza chinopfuura pamusoro pe "mepu" yedunhu rinoratidza dhizaini pane lens. Kana izvi zvangoitwa, lenzi imwe chete iyi inoderedza ukuru hwedhiyagiramu kuitira kuti chiyero chideredzwe nekukwana kwakanyanya uye kusvika pakukura kwakasarudzwa nemugadziri.
Pakupedzisira, chiedza chakaratidzwa chinonyorwa pa wakaipa uye zvikamu zvinotengeswa kunze zvinova zvinoumbika uye zvinogona kubviswa pachishandiswa mvura chaiyo kugadzira mikoto midiki ye transistors. Iyi nzira yekurekodha, inonzi "masking," inopa chip chimiro uye kushanda kwayo.
Nhanho inotevera ndeyekupinda maitiro emagetsi e transistors. Nekuda kweiyo semiconductivity yesilicon, makambani anokwanisa kushandura conductivity yechinhu kushandura maatomu uye nekuaisa muchimiro chesilicon. wakaipa. Pakutanga, maatomu aya anorongwa zvisina tsarukano, asi mushure mekuiswa kune tembiricha yakakwira, anotanga kutora nzvimbo yakagadziriswa mudhisiki chimiro.
Copper 31606d
Mhangura isati yawedzerwa kune wakaipa, chidimbu chekudzivirira chinoshandiswa kudzivirira mapfupi mafupi. Ichi chinyorwa chinozoiswa kuti chizadze nzvimbo dzisina chinhu muchikamu uye kubatanidza mabhiriyoni ematransistors, nokudaro kuve nechokwadi chekukurumidza uye kwakarurama kutaurirana.
Zvakakodzera kuti titaure kuti, mukati memaitiro ese ekugadzira, pane timu yakasarudzika inoongorora nhanho imwe neimwe ichishandisa microscope yemhando yepamusoro kana masisitimu emakombuta. Nenzira iyi, zvinokwanisika kutarisa chimiro che transistors kuti uone kuti havana kukanganisa.
Matrix 4j2p4p
Nhanho yekupedzisira mukugadzira chip inosanganisira kuisa mazita kumashure kwechip. wakaipa woipatsanura kuita zvidimbu zvidiki zvinozivikanwa se matrices, iyo mushure mekuedzwa, inoenda kuburikidza yekupedzisira yekucheka maitiro kuti ingozogadzira yega chip units.
Nekudaro, izvi zvikamu hazvisati zviri chaizvo U, asi a ari, iyo inoda "kunamirwa" pane imwe nheyo yesimbi inonzi substrate. Chikamu, chinova chikamu chepasi che chip, chine basa rekubatanidza maseketi emukati nezvikamu zvebhodhi reamai. Pamusoro, pane chimwe chinhu chesimbi chinoshanda mukupisa kupisa - chinogona zvakare kushandiswa se "billboard" kudhinda modhi uye zita remugadziri, semuenzaniso.
Mushure mekuita kwese kwegungano, machipisi anoedzwa kuti ave nechokwadi chekushanda uye mhando. Kana zvese zvikafamba sezvanga zvichitarisirwa, zvino vanogona kutumirwa kumakambani emugadziri ayo, munguva pfupi, achaita kuti makomputa ane Hardware nyowani awanikwe kune vatengi.
Onawo:
Nekuti processor ndiyo inonyanya kukosha mukombuta.
Source: Nhoroondo-Kombuta, ComputerWorld, MyBroadBand.
