The 23o5l
Shanduko yedombo rakakasharara kuita dombo rakachekwa rinosanganisira nzira yakaoma inosanganisa ruzivo rwe geological, hunyanzvi hwepamusoro hwehunyanzvi uye zvigadzirwa zvetekinoroji. Kubva pakuona nekubvisa matombo anokosha echisikigo ane zvimiro zvakasiyana, kuburikidza nekucheka nekupukuta matekinoroji anoumba dhizaini yematombo anokosha, kusvika kune zvakatipoteredza uye zvemagariro zvinokonzerwa nemigodhi, nhanho imwe neimwe inoita basa rakakosha. 382d5y
Muchinyorwa chemazuva ano, tichanzwisisa zvishoma pamusoro pekushandurwa kwematombo anokosha, pamwe nekutarisira kunofanirwa kuchengetedza kupenya kwavo nekufamba kwenguva.
Mhando dzematombo uye maitiro avo akasiyana 5x5b31
Kune marudzi akati wandei ematombo anokosha, rimwe nerimwe riine hunhu hunoita kuti huve nehukoshi hwahwo, chitarisiko uye kushandiswa.
diamond 36j2a
Inozivikanwa sechicherwa chakaomesesa paPasi, dhaimondi rinokosheswa zvakanyanya nekuda kwesimba rayo rinoshamisa uye kupenya. Kuoma kwayo kunoyerwa pa10 pachikero cheMohs (mineral hardness scale inobva pa1 kusvika pa10), zvinoreva kuti inogona kukwenya chero chimwe chinhu. Pamusoro pekuoma kwayo, kujeka, ruvara uye kutemwa kwedhaimondi zvinhu zvakakosha zvinotaridza kunaka kwayo uye kukosha kwayo mumusika.
Rubi zgo
Iine ruvara rutsvuku rwakanyanya, ruby imwe yeinonyanya kutsvakwa uye isingawanzo matombo anokosha. Muvara mutsvuku unokonzerwa nekuvapo kwechromium mukuumbwa kwayo. Marubhi emhando yepamusoro anokosha zvakanyanya, kunyanya ayo ane ruvara rwakadzika, rwakachena rutsvuku rwunozivikanwa se "ropa renjiva." Pamusoro pekunaka kwayo, ruby inopokana zvakare, nekuoma kwe9 pachiyero cheMohs.
Safire 211u42
Kunyange zvazvo safiri inowanzobatanidzwa neruvara rwebhuruu, inogona kuwanikwa mune chero ruvara kunze kwekutsvuka (mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro ingave yakarongwa se ruby). Safiya inozivikanwa nekusimba kwayo uye kupenya. Blue sapphire, kunyanya ruvara rwebhuruu rwakajeka, ndiyo inonyanya kufarirwa uye inokosheswa. Ivo zvakare vane kuomarara kwe9 pachiyero cheMohs, zvichiita kuti ive yakakodzera kushandiswa muzvishongo.
Emerald 2a2l3c
Emeralds ane mukurumbira nekuda kweruvara rwegirinhi rwegirinhi, inova mhedzisiro yekuvapo kwechromium uye vanadium. Nekudaro, emeralds anowanzo kuve ane inclusions, izvo zviri mukati memukati kana kusakwana, uye zvakanyanya kutetepa zvichienzaniswa nedhaimondi, rubhi nesafire, nekuoma kweanosvika 7.5-8 pachiyero cheMohs. Ruvara uye kujekesa ndizvo zvinhu zvikuru zvinotarisa kunaka kwe emerald.
Amethyst 1p5r1f
Iyi gemstone yakasiyana-siyana ye quartz uye inozivikanwa nokuda kweruvara rwepepuru, iyo inogona kubva kubva kuchiedza kusvika kune yakasviba toni. Amethyst yakajairika uye ine kuoma kwe7 pachiyero cheMohs. Inokosheswa nekunaka kwayo kunosvikika uye inowanzoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzezvishongo.
Opal n1m33
Opal yakasarudzika nekuda kwekutamba kwayo kwemavara, iyo inogona kuratidza yakazara yakazara mavara mudombo rimwe chete. Iyi pfuma inokonzerwa nekuparadzaniswa kwechiedza mukati mayo mukati. Opals yakanyanya kusimba, nekuoma kwe5.5-6.5 pachiyero cheMohs, uye inoda kutarisirwa kwakakosha. Kune akati wandei akasiyana opal, anosanganisira nhema opal, chena opal uye moto opal, imwe neimwe iine yayo yekuona kukwezva.
Rudzi rumwe norumwe rwematombo anokosha ane zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoita kuti ive yakakosha uye inodiwa. Kunzwisisa zvinhu izvi zvakakosha kuti unyatsonzwisisa kukosha uye kunaka kwematombo anokosha, pamwe nekusarudza dombo rakakodzera rechiitiko chimwe nechimwe uye chinangwa.
Matekinoroji anosanganisirwa mukucheka uye kupeta 5z6n3q
Gemstone yekucheka tekinoroji inosanganisira yakadzama maitiro anosanganisa chaiwo muchina uye hunyanzvi hwekugadzira. Nhanho yekutanga ndeyekugadziriswa kwezvirongwa zvekucheka zvakananga kune imwe neimwe rudzi rwematombo, tichifunga nezvemaitiro avo emuviri uye mukati mezvikamu. Semuenzaniso, tourmaline, inowanzowanikwa mupenzura fomu, inochekwa kuita maumbirwo anoderedza kurasikirwa kwezvinhu.
Rough dombo kuongororwa uye dhizaini matanho akakosha, apo zvinhu zvakaita sehuremu, ruvara, inclusions uye zviyero zvinoongororwa zvakanyatsonaka. Ukobvu hwebwe hunogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya ruvara rwayo rwekupedzisira, uye inclusions kana zvikanganiso zvinobatwa nenzira yekuchengetedza yakawanda gem sezvinobvira.
Imwe yeanonyanya kukosha matekinoroji mukuita uku ndiko kushandiswa kwema lasers, ayo anobvumira kutema chaiko uye kuderedza kutambisa kwezvinhu zvakakosha. Laser inonyanya kubatsira pakugadzira maumbirwo akaoma uye nekushanda nematombo akaoma semadhaimani. Imwe tekinoroji yakakosha ndeye diamond blade saw muchina, iyo inoshandiswa kuona dombo mbishi kuita zvidimbu zvidiki, kufambisa kubata uye kunotevera kukwenenzvera.
Kucheka dombo kunosanganisira maitiro akadai sekutarisana, izvo zvinogadzira akawanda maficha pamusoro peiyo gem kuti iwedzere kupenya kwayo uye kupararira kwechiedza. Machina ekutarisana anoshandiswa kuve nechokwadi chechokwadi muangulation uye symmetry yezvikamu. Michina iyi inogona kushandiswa nemaoko kana kudzorwa nekombuta, izvo zvinobvumira kudzora kwakanyanya pamusoro pekuita uye kunoguma nekupedza kwemhando yepamusoro.
Mushure mekucheka, kucheka inhanho inopa dombo kutaridzika kwaro kwekupedzisira. Ichi chikamu chinosanganisira kupukuta mavheji kuti awane kupenya kwakanyanya uye nzvimbo yakatsetseka. Michina yekupukuta inoshandisa abrasive discs akaiswa nedhaimani huruva, chinhu chakanyanya kuomarara icho chinogona kutsvedzerera chero zvisizvo pamusoro pegemu.
A stereoscopic microscope chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha panguva ino. Midziyo iyi inogona kutengwa mumakiti akasiyana ane chaiwo zvinhu zvinodiwa zvega yega maitiro. Pamusoro pekushandiswa kukwenenzverwa, ivo vanodiwawo mumaitiro anosanganisira kunyora madiki madiki.
Iko kusanganiswa kwehunyanzvi hwemazuva ano uye hunyanzvi hwekuita zvechinyakare hunobvumira vanocheka kushandura matombo akakasharara kuita zvishongo zveukoshi hukuru uye runako. Iko kurongeka kwemichina, yakasanganiswa neruzivo uye ziso rekiriniki revashandi, inova nechokwadi chekuti gem rega rega rinosvika pakukwanisa kwayo.
Ethical uye zvakatipoteredza zvikamu zvekuchera gem 2i54s
Gem mining, zvisinei nebasa rayo rakakosha mukugadzirwa kwezvishongo nezvimwe zvinhu zveumbozha, zvinomutsa mibvunzo yakakomba yetsika uye yezvakatipoteredza. Gem extraction inowanzoitika munzvimbo dzenyika dzichiri kusimukira, uko mutemo ungave usina kukwana kana kuti usipo. Uku kushaikwa kwetarisiro kunogona kukonzera mamiriro ekushanda ane ngozi uye kushandiswa kwevashandi, avo vanowanzotarisana nemaawa akawanda munzvimbo dzisina kuchengetedzeka uye vanogamuchira mihoro mishoma.
Kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza kwemusika wematombo anokosha zvakafanana. Nzira yekuchera inogona kutungamirira mukuparara kukuru kwevhu, kuparadzwa kwemasango uye kusvibiswa kwemvura. Kubvisa mavhoriyamu makuru epasi nematombo zvinoshandura zvakanyanya mamiriro echisikigo, kuparadza nzvimbo dzekugara uye ecosystem.
Mukupindura kunyaya idzi, zvirongwa zvakawanda uye zvitupa zvakabuda zvine chinangwa chekusimudzira maitiro ezvicherwa. Chirongwa cheKimberley, semuenzaniso, chakavambwa kudzivirira kutengeswa kwe "madhaimondi anonetsana," ayo anoshandiswa kutsigira hondo nemabasa evapanduki.
Makambani nevatengi vane basa rakakosha mukusimudzira yakawedzera tsika uye inogoneka cheni yekugovera. Kudiwa kwematombo anokosha anocherwa zvine hunyanzvi kuri kukurudzira mamwe makambani kutora maitiro akajeka uye anoenderera mberi. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuronda kwakabva matombo anokosha, kutsigira nharaunda dzemigodhi dzine mamiriro ekushanda zvakanaka, uye kushandisa nzira dzemigodhi dzinoderedza kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza.
Kuziva kwevatengi uye dzidzo zvakakoshawo. Nekusarudza kutenga matombo anokosha kubva kunzvimbo dzakasimbiswa uye kuda kubuda pachena nezvekwakabva uye nzira dzekubvisa, vatengi vanogona kupesvedzera indasitiri zvakanaka.
Gemstone musika uye kutengeserana a4b4f
Musika wematombo anokosha uye kutengeserana iindasitiri yepasi rose uye yakaoma, inotungamirwa nehupfumi, tsika nemagariro. Matombo anokosha, akadai semadhaimondi, rubi, safiro uye emerald, anokosheswa zvikuru nekuda kwerunako rwavo, kushomeka uye chirevo chekufananidzira, zvichiita kuti zvive zvinhu zvinodikanwa zvezvishongo, mari uye kuunganidza kwevanhu. Kukosha kwebwe redombo kunotarirwa nekubatanidzwa kwezvinhu, kusanganisira kunaka kwaro (ruvara, kujeka, kucheka uye carat uremu), kushomeka kwayo uye kudiwa kwemusika.
Kutengeserana kwematombo anokosha kunovhara matanho akati wandei, kubva pakutorwa mumigodhi kusvika pakutengesa kwekupedzisira kumutengi. Pashure pokunge atorwa, matombo anokosha anowanzoendeswa kunzvimbo dzokucheka nokukwenenzvera munyika dzakadai seIndia, Thailand neIsrael, uko anochinjwa kuva matombo akavezwa. Aya matombo anokosha anobva atengeswa mumisika yemisika nemisika yepasirese, uko anotengwa nevanogadzira zvishongo uye vanogovera. Ava vamiriri, zvakare, vanopa matombo ematombo akachekwa kune vatengesi vanoatengesa kuti vapedze vatengi.
Misika inonyanya kukosha yematombo anokosha inosanganisira United States, China, India neEurope, uko kudiwa kwezvishongo zvakanaka kwakakwirira. Kunyanya, United States inomiririra imwe yemisika mikuru yekushandiswa kwemadhaimani pasi rose. MuChina neIndia, kukura kwesimba rekutenga uye tsika yekupa zvishongo pazviitiko zvakakosha zvakakonzera kudiwa. Kutengeserana kwematombo anokosha kunopesvedzerwawo nefashoni uye dhizaini, nevashori vane mukurumbira vachiita basa rakakosha mukuzivikanwa kwemamwe marudzi ematombo anokosha uye masitaera ezvishongo.
Musika wematombo anokosha hauna kudzorwa, izvo zvinogona kutungamirira kune zvakasiyana-siyana mumitengo uye kunaka kwematombo anokosha aripo. Nekudaro, matanho akadai sekupihwa chitupa chematombo anokosha neanozivikanwa gemological marabhoritari akabatsira kuwedzera pachena uye kuvimba kwevatengi. Zvitupa zvehuchokwadi zvinodonongodza hunhu hwegem, senge izvo zvakapihwa neGemological Institute of America (GIA) neInternational Gemological Institute (IGI), zvakakosha pakuona kunaka uye kwakabva matombo anokosha.
Pamusoro pemusika wenyama, kutengeswa kwematombo ematombo kune zvakare kukura kuvapo online. E-commerce mapuratifomu uye maokisheni chaiwo anobvumira vatengi nevateresi kutenga matombo anokosha kubva kupi zvako pasirese. Uku kuwedzera kwedhijitari kune mukana wedemokrasi kune matombo anokosha, zvichibvumira vatengi kuti vatenge vane ruzivo uye kuenzanisa kwemitengo zvakanyanya.
Kunyangwe kupenya kwavo uye kukosha, musika wematombo anotarisana nezvinetso zvinoramba zvichiitika zvine chekuita nehunhu uye kusimba. Kudiwa kwematombo anokosha anocherwa zviri kuwedzera, uye vatengi vari kuwedzera kuziva kukosha kwekutsvaga zvigadzirwa kubva kune tsika. Iri sangano riri kusundidzira indasitiri kuti itore maitiro akajeka uye ane mutoro, kuve nechokwadi kuti kunaka kwematombo anokosha haafukidzwi nekukanganisa kwakashata kwekutorwa kwavo nekutengesa.
Gemstone kutarisira uye kugadzirisa 693447
Kuchengetedza kwakakodzera kwematombo anokosha kwakakosha kuchengetedza kunaka kwavo nekukosha nekufamba kwenguva. Rudzi rumwe norumwe rwematombo anokosha ane maitiro chaiwo anoda kutarisirwa, asi mamwe maitiro akajairwa anokurudzirwa kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti matombo anochengetedza kupenya uye kuvimbika. Kugara kucheneswa kwakakosha uye kunofanirwa kuitwa nemazvo kudzivirira kukanganisa. Kushandisa mvura inodziya, sipo nyoro uye bhurasho rakapfava inzira yakachengetedzeka yematombo akawanda anokosha. Zvakakosha kudzivisa makemikari ane utsinye, anogona kukuvadza pamusoro pebwe kana kukanganisa ruvara rwayo.
Kuchengeta matombo anokosha zvakanaka kunokoshawo pakuchengetedza kwawo. Kuchengeta dombo rimwe nerimwe rakaparadzana mumakamuri ega ega kana kuaputira nemachira akapfava kunoita kuti asakwenya. Matombo akaomarara, akadai semadhaimani, anogona kukuvadza mamwe matombo kana akachengetwa pamwechete, nepo mamwe matombo akatetepa, senge opals uye emeralds, anoda imwe dziviriro kubva kune zvinokanganisa uye zvikwambo.
Kupfeka zuva nezuva kwezvishongo zvematombo anokosha kunofumura matombo anokosha kutsvina, mafuta eganda, uye zvimwe zvakasara zvinogona kukanganisa kupenya kwayo. Zvinokurudzirwa kubvisa zvishongo pakuita zvinhu zvinogona kukonzera kukanganisa, zvakadai sekurovedza muviri, kuchenesa imba kana basa remaoko. Pamusoro pezvo, kudzivirira kuratidzwa kwenguva refu kuchiedza chezuva uye nekupisa kwakanyanya kwakakosha, kunyanya kumatombo anonzwa nekushanduka kwekushisa nechiedza, senge amethysts uye opals, anogona kupera kana kutsemuka.
Mamwe matombo anokosha, akadai semaparera uye emerald, ane porous uye anogona kutora zvinwiwa, izvo zvinoita kuti zvive zvakakosha kuti usasangana nezvigadzirwa zvekuzora, zvinonhuwira uye lotions. Muchiitiko cheemerald, dzimwe nguva kuchenesa kwenyanzvi kunokurudzirwa kuchengetedza kupenya kwavo, sezvo matombo aya anowanzove ane zvinyorwa zvepanyama zvinogona kunzwisiswa kune nzira dzisina kunaka dzekuchenesa.
Kuziva kwezvido zvemhando yega yega yematombo anokosha uye kutora maitiro ekuchengetedza akakodzera zvakakosha pakuwedzera hupenyu nekunaka kwematombo anokosha. Kuisa nguva uye kutarisisa mukuchengetedza matombo anokosha kwete chete kuchengetedza kukosha kwavo kwemari, asiwo kunovimbisa kuti zvishongo zvinoramba zvichifadza uye zvinonakidza muzvizvarwa zvese.
ona zvimwe
Ongororo yemavara yakaitwa na: Pedro Bomfim
