The 23o5l
Zvisikwa zvinogara zvichitishamisa nezvisikwa zvayo zvakasiyana uye zvakaoma, uye panguva ino, United States iri kugadzirira kurwisa kwakakodzera firimu rinotyisa. Mumwedzi iri kuuya, "zombie cicadas" ichava chikamu chemabhiriyoni ezvipembenene izvi zvichabuda kubva pasi mumatunhu akasiyana, mushure menguva yekurara, mune chimwe chiitiko chinovimbisa kufadza uye kutyisa! 61h5o
Kutapukira kusiri kwemazuva ese kwe cicadas 2i4r6g
Kune vanoda zvisina kujairika, 2024 inovimbisa kuve gore risingakanganwike. Maererano nevanoongorora zvipembenene, gore rino rinoratidza kusangana kusingawanzo kwemapoka maviri e periodical cicadas: the Swarm XIX, iyo inobuda makore gumi nematatu ega ega, uye Swarm XIII, inooneka makore 17 oga oga. A real cicada infestation muUnited States!
Pamwe chete vanofanira kuwedzera tiririyoni ye cicadas inobuda kubva pasi mumatunhu akadai Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia e West Virginia.
Periodic cicadas vanopedza huzhinji hwehupenyu hwavo vakavigwa muvhu muchimiro chavo cheburwa. Kana tembiricha inosvika 18°C, dzinozopedzisira dzabuda mukunzwana kwemamiriyoni evarume vachiedza kukwezva hadzi kuti dzikwirwe. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, zvipembenene zvichaonekwa uye kunzwika muhuwandu husina kumbonyorwa mumakore mazana maviri apfuura.
Michael Raupp, ye Yunivhesiti yeMaryland Dhipatimendi reEntomology, inova nechokwadi chekuti cicada hairume kana kuruma, asi inokonzeresa kukuvadza pamiti. “Tinofadzwa zvikuru neizvi sezvo zvichapa marata maviri, ayo akasiyana zvakanyanya, mukana wekuberekesana. Kutaura chokwadi, hatizivi kuti chii chichaitika.”, akati. “Vanoziva chete ndiAmai Nature uye cicadas pachavo. Saka, chichava chiitiko chinonakidza kwazvo! ”
Panguva ino ndipo apo Massospora cicadina anouya mukuita. Iyo fungus, iyo spores inomirira nemoyo murefu muvhu, inokonzera cicadas ichangobva kubuda, kutanga "zombification" maitiro akakodzera firimu rinotyisa. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti pakati pe5% ne10% yemacicada aya ichabatwa.
Mukati mevhiki kusvika kumazuva gumi, dumbu rekumashure remacicadas echirume ane utachiona rinovhurika, richibudisa plug jena, chalky rakagadzirwa nefungus spores. Muchiratidziro chinoshamisa, sikarudzi yezvipembenene zvinodonha, zvichitsiviwa neichi fungus mass. Kunyangwe ichiita seyakafa, zombie cicadas inoramba ichifamba uye kuita sekunge ine hutano, zvisinei, maitiro avo anochinja anovhiringidza.
Macicada echirume ane hutano anoimba nziyo dzekukwezva hadzi, zvichiratidza kuda kwadzo kusvirana sezvadzinobhabhadzira mapapiro adzo. Mukadzi asina rombo rakanaka kuti anyengetedzwe nerwiyo rwemurume ane hutachiona haangokundikana kusanganisa mazai ake, asi zvakare achabatwa nehutachiona, mukuita kushandura fungus kuita chirwere chepabonde.
Hono dzine utachiona dzinovhuvhutawo mapapiro adzo akafanana neehadzi, dzichinyengedza dzimwe rume dzine utano hwakanaka kuti dziedze kurara nadzo. Pavanoswedera pedyo, varume vane hutano vanoonekwa kune fungus spores, vachiva nehutachiona zvakaenzana uye vachienderera mberi nerufu.
The fungus Massospora Cicadina 854a
Masayendisiti ari kudzidza kuti fungi idzi dzinokwanisa sei kubata hunhu hwezvipembenene, vachitsvaga kunzwisisa mamorekuru uye tsinga dzinobatanidzwa muhukama hweparasite-host. Poshi chidzidzo chakaburitswa ne PLOS Utachiona muna 2020 zvakaratidza kuti makemikari ari mu cicadas mushure mekunge atapukirwa akafanana neanowanikwa mu hallucinogenic howa.
Maererano nemasango pathologist uye mycologist Matthew Kasson, ipapo West Virginia Universitykana Massospora Cicadina inogadzira zvinhu zvakafanana neamphetamines, izvo zvinogona kutsanangura kuramba uye hypersexuality ye zombie cicadas. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti murume mumwechete zombie anogona kutapurira gumi nemaviri kubva kune vamwe varume vasati vakundwa nefungus.
“Tinoziva kuti mhuka dzakati wandei dzakaita senyoka neshiri dziri kudya ma<em>cicada aya. Pane mukana here wekuti vari kukanganisa mhuka dzinodzidya? Hongu, zvinogoneka.”
Matthew Kasson, mycologist
“Padzinobhururuka kana kufamba pamapazi, dzinoparadzirawo mbeu”, akadaro Kasson. “Tinodzidaidza kuti ‘zvinobhururuka zvinouraya fungu’ nekuti zvinonyanya kuparadzira fungu semunyu unobuda mumudziyo wemunyu.”
Um kudzidza kwakabudiswa kubudikidza Kasson neboka rake pamagazini Fungal Ecology muna 2019 akataura nezve cathinone sechinhu chakakosha kukurudzira hunhu hwe hypersexual mune idzi mauto. Cathinone inosimudzira kubva kumhuri yeamphetamine, yakatozivikanwa sechinhu chinoshanda chechirimwa. khat, inotsengwa nokuda kwekuita kwayo kunopa simba mumatunhu Africa. Yayo yekugadzira vhezheni inoitawo mishonga yeADHD uye kunyange zvinodhaka zvisiri pamutemo.
Mishonga yakavakirwa pakugadzira cathinones inowanzo dzvanyirira havi uye inowedzera kutarisa uye simba mazinga. Iyo fungus inofungidzirwa kuti inoshandisa izvi zvinokonzeresa, ichiita kuti hunhu hwekusangana mu cicadas huwedzere kutapurirana kwespore, zvichikanganisa zviitiko zvakaita sekudya nekuzorora. Zvinoshamisa kuti mamwe marudzi efungus aya anoratidzawo zviratidzo zve psilocybin, chinhu chinonzi hallucinogenic mumashiripiti howa.
Psilocybin uye amphetamines mishonga yakasiyana zvikuru, asi aya alkaloid anogona kuva nemabasa anopindirana mukudzvinyirira kudya, kuwedzera kutsungirira, uye kuwedzera nguva yekumuka.
Matthew Kasson, ipapo West Virginia University
Kunyangwe iyo fungus 'psychoactive mhedzisiro inogadzira kufarira kwesainzi, Kasson zvinonyatsojekesa kuti kuedza kuwana hallucinogenic zviitiko nefungus kubva kune hutachiona cicadas ingave ine njodzi zvakanyanya uye isina musoro maitiro. Iyo mycologist inoratidzira kushushikana pamusoro pekukurukurirana kwepamhepo nezve izvi zvinogona "kushandiswa kwekunakidzwa" kwezvipembenene.
Sekureva kwake, zvingave zvakafanira kunwisa mazana kana kunyange zviuru zvecicadas kuti usvike muyero wakakodzera wezvinhu zvepfungwa. Mukuwedzera, zvipembenene zvine mamwe macommunication anopfuura chiuru, mazhinji acho anozivikanwa kuva ane chepfu kuvanhu.
Tanto Kasson vangani Chris Simon, phylogeny muongorori pa Yunivhesiti yeConnecticut, vimbisa kuti njodzi yemhuka dzepamusha kana kuti vana vanosangana netsaona nemhando dzine utachiona ishoma. Parasitized cicadas inowanzomiririra chikamu chidiki chehomwe yakazara uye mabhiriyoni ezvipembenene izvi akaparadzirwa munzvimbo yakakura yenzvimbo panguva yekusangana.
"Zviripachena, ini handingakurudzire kuti chero munhu ananzva cicada ine hutachiona.", majee Kasson. "Asi kana mhuka inovaraidza ikamedza imwe kana mbiri netsaona, hapazove nedambudziko rakakura." Yambiro yacho inoshanda zvakanyanya kunharaunda yesainzi, inofarira kudzidza nzira dzisinganzwisisike dziri kumashure kwefungal kudzora pfungwa, pane kune vasina kungwarira kutsvaga njodzi uye zvisiri pamutemo psychedelic kuyedza.
Kufanana ne zombie svosve uye The Last Wedu 5g2q68
Mamiriro ezvinhu aya anoyeuchidza nyaya yakakurumbira ye zombie masvosve, inodzorwa nefungus yerudzi ophiocordyceps. Sezvinoita cicadas, fungus rinoshandisa maitiro emajuru kuti ive nechokwadi chekupararira, zvichiita kuti vaende kunzvimbo dzakakodzera dzekusimudzira mbesa dzawo.
Dingindira rezvipembenene zve zombie rakawanawo mukurumbira munguva pfupi yapfuura nekubudirira kwemutambo uye nhevedzano The Last Wedu, uko fungus inoshanduka inoshandura vanhu kuita zombies dzinodya nyama. Kunyangwe nyaya idzi dziri manyepo, chokwadi chefungidziri chinodzora cicadas nemajuru chinofadza uye chinotyisa zvakaenzana.
Nyanzvi dzinokurudzira vanhu kuti varege kuuraya kana kudya cicadas, asi kuti vanyore nyaya kuburikidza nemifananidzo nemavhidhiyo, vachigovana navo munharaunda dzesainzi dzepamhepo senge. iNaturalist. Mushure mezvose, kunzwisisa zvirinani uku kutenderera kunoshamisa uye kunotyisa kwechisikigo kunogona kutibatsira kuburitsa zvakavanzika zvehunhu hwaamai.
Tsvaga zvimwe pamusoro peizvi nedzimwe nhau pa Showmetech TRIO, vatatu venhau dzako dzevhiki nevhiki:
ona zvimwe
Kunobva: CBS News, Scientific American, USA Today
Yakaongororwa na Glaucon Vital musi wa8/4/24.
